Role in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Iron occupies the central position in LFP (lithium iron phosphate) cathode chemistry — the "F" in LFP. In the olivine LiFePO₄ crystal structure, iron cycles between Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ oxidation states during charge and discharge. The iron–phosphate bond provides structural stability that prevents the oxygen release responsible for thermal runaway in other cathode chemistries.
Iron's role extends beyond chemistry: it is the dominant structural material in battery module enclosures, cell can housings, pack frames, and the vehicle and container structures that carry battery systems. Steel — an iron alloy — is foundational at every layer from cell to BESS container.
America's LFP advantage: The US has world-class iron ore reserves in Minnesota's Mesabi Range. Combined with domestic phosphate resources, iron creates the opportunity for an entirely American LFP cathode supply chain.
Domestic Supply
The United States produced approximately 46 million metric tons of iron ore in 2023, primarily from Minnesota's Mesabi Range. Companies including Cleveland-Cliffs, US Steel, and ArcelorMittal operate major mining and steelmaking operations across the Great Lakes region. The challenge for battery applications is converting iron ore into battery-grade iron phosphate (FePO₄) — an investment opportunity The American Battery seeks to catalyze.