Critical Minerals
These are the elements that power modern lithium-ion batteries. We follow each one from mine to refining to active materials and ultimately into American vehicles, grids, homes, and mission-critical systems.
The light metal that powers heavy lifting.
Lithium is the backbone of modern rechargeable batteries. It shuttles between cathode and anode, enabling high energy density in a compact format for EVs, grid storage, defense systems, and portable electronics.
Key to ultra-stable, fire-resilient LFP chemistries.
Phosphorus forms the backbone of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and related cathode families. It enables long-life, thermally stable cells ideal for EVs, buses, and grid-scale storage.
Abundant strength for both chemistry and structure.
Iron is central to LFP cathodes and also underpins much of the structural steel used in battery factories, racks, and enclosures.
The conductor that connects cells to the world.
Copper is the workhorse conductor of the battery world, used in anode current collectors, busbars, and cabling.
Stabilizing high-energy cathodes.
Manganese improves the stability and cost profile of many cathode chemistries, from LFP variants to high-energy NMC blends.
High energy for long-range vehicles.
Nickel-rich cathodes power long-range EVs, aircraft, and specialized applications where energy density is paramount.
Stability and safety in demanding chemistries.
Cobalt has historically been used to stabilize high-energy cathodes. While many chemistries are reducing cobalt content, it remains critical in specific applications.
The backbone of today’s anodes.
Graphite is the dominant anode material in lithium-ion batteries, storing lithium during charge and enabling repeated cycling.
Lightweight strength and conduction.
Aluminum combines light weight, strength, and conductivity. It is widely used for cathode current collectors, enclosures, and structural components.
The framework that keeps energy secure.
Steels and specialized alloys form racks, housings, and protection for batteries across EVs, grid systems, and defense platforms.